This page provides links to data sources and research that support the information about groups affected by HR 22.

Note: These sources provide the empirical foundation for the claims made about groups affected by HR 22 and evidence that noncitizen voting is extremely rare.

Noncitizen Voting Evidence

State-Level Audits

Michigan (2024)

• Claim: Out of 5.7 million ballots, only 16 cast by noncitizens (0.00028%)
• Note: Reported by Michigan Secretary of State and Associated Press; specific audit report URLs not publicly available

Georgia (2024)

• Claim: Review of 8.2 million voters identified ~20 noncitizens; 2022 review found 1,634 flagged but none voted
• Note: Reported by Georgia Secretary of State and Georgia Public Broadcasting; specific report URLs not publicly available

Nevada (2016)

• Claim: 3 noncitizens voted out of 1.1 million ballots (0.0003%)
• Note: Reported by Nevada Secretary of State and Las Vegas Review-Journal; specific investigation URLs not publicly available

North Carolina (2016)

• Claim: 41 noncitizens cast ballots out of 4.8 million votes (0.0008%)
• Note: Reported by North Carolina State Board of Elections and News & Observer; specific audit URLs not publicly available

Ohio (2015)

• Claim: 44 noncitizens voted over 15 years
• Note: Reported by Ohio Secretary of State and Cleveland.com; specific audit URLs not publicly available

National Studies