Based on the constitutional arguments and available demographic data, here are estimated numbers of people potentially affected if HR 22 passes.

By Gender

Women with name mismatches

• ~69 million women who changed names due to marriage or divorce and lack matching documentation

By Economic Status

Low-income voters lacking passports

• ~80–100 million Americans (only 1 in 5 people earning under $50,000 have a passport, and roughly 100–125 million Americans fall into this income bracket)

By Race and Ethnicity

Voters of color lacking required documents

• ~15–25 million citizens (given they are 3x more likely than white citizens to lack documents like passports or birth certificates)

Naturalized citizens

• ~23 million Americans who face heightened scrutiny under the bill

By Age

Young voters (18–24)

• ~30 million eligible voters who have lower passport ownership rates and higher mobility

College students

• ~15–20 million who face in-person registration barriers while living away from home

By Geography

Rural voters

• ~46 million Americans who face greater travel burdens for in-person registration